Robert Lynd free essay sample

Robert Wilson lynd [pic] Born in Belfast and instructed at R. B. A. I. what's more, the then Queens College, where he contemplated works of art. He worked quickly for The Northern Whig before moving to Manchester and afterward to London as an independent Journalist. In the capital he imparted a level to the craftsman Paul Henry (q. v. ), with whom he had graduated. Lynd turned into a staff author for the Daily News (later the News Chronicle) and from 1912 to 1947 was its artistic proofreader. He additionally composed for the Nation, and under the nom de plume Y. Y. contributed, from 1913 to 1945, a week after week scholarly paper to the New Statesman. In legislative issues he was a communist and disciple of Sinn Fein and the Gaelic League; he likewise altered a portion of crafted by James Connolly. He is recollected today for the noteworthy succession of expositions he composed over a time of over forty years. They never fall underneath an elevated level of style and familiarity, and keeping in mind that some are too hesitantly artistic for todays taste, the best of them, for example, The Herring Fleet, motivated by his recollections of Ardglass have become twentieth century works of art. Writer Although Robert Lynd was naturally introduced to an upper-working class Ulster Protestant amily and was sent to college, when not many individuals could bear to give their youngsters an advanced degree, his initial life in London was a hard battle. Desmond McCarthy composed that: for quite a long while Lynd comprehended what it was to live undernourished and on the edge of destitution. He was happy to acknowledge cover in the studio of his companion Paul Henry, the Belfast-conceived craftsman and an extreme like Lynd himself. It was as a writer that Robert Lynd accomplished global notoriety. In any case, he additionally composed legislative issues and put the case for Irish Nationalism in Ireland a Nation which was distributed in 1919. In the harvest time of 1916 the Irish Transport and General Workers Union requested that he compose the Introduction to the principal distributed release of James Connollys Labor in Ireland. Connolly, one of the pioneers of the Easter Rising, had been executed on 12 May 1916. In that presentation Lynd said he had first known about James Connolly when, as an understudy at Queens University, he had Joined a little communist society which met in a dusty second story room some place in the focal point of Belfast[middle dot] One of different individuals from the communist gathering would bring the most recent issue of James Connollys paper The Workers Republic to sell at the eetings. Robert Lynds Introduction to Labor in Ireland is itself a fascinating way to deal with progressive governmental issues with regards to Ireland however unique in tone and style from the scholarly papers for which he got acclaimed. Lynd was maybe more thoughtful than objective in his examination of Connollys explanations behind partaking in the thing was, pursuing little, in fact nothing, to pick up. In any case he considered Connolly to be: Irelands first Socialist saint a persevering advocate the most imperative majority rule mind in the Ireland of his day. At the point when he initially showed up in London Lynd earned some cash composing for The Daily Despatch, and furthermore for Today, the week after week magazine altered by Jerome K Jerome, creator of the observed Three Men in a Boat. In 1908 he landed his first stable situation, artistic supervisor of The Daily News, which, he more likely than not been satisfied to recall, had once been altered by Charles Dickens[middle dot] The Daily News later turned into The News Chronicle. In those occasions, before there was either radio or TV to give the light diversion that is so famous today, the scholarly article was most likely increasingly valued by the perusers of papers and magazines than it would be these days. Robert Lynd got one of the most broadly read writers. For over forty years he kept on composing on pretty much every possible subject for The Daily News, The News Chronicle, The New Statesman, and John OLondons Weekly. He got noted for his peaceful, well disposed and intelligent style, procuring his living, as one pundit put it: by providing what may be known as a state of rest in the papers to which he contributed. Robert Lynds expositions have been distributed in numerous assortments and have been recorded perusing for understudies of English in colleges and universities everywhere throughout the world. A few years back The Belfast Telegraph noted with some little pride that one ollection, The Blue Lion and different Essays, had been distributed in Japan, with a presentation in Japanese, for incorporation in the English courses in the Japanese colleges. In the event that Lynd had been alive, at that point he may have composed an exposition with a title, for example, On Being Published in Japan or something to that effect. Like Samuel Johnson, who was his preferred essayist, he had continually a remark, whatever the subject. Of the considerable number of papers composed by Robert Lynd it is hard to picked one more than another. Each peruser would have their top choices. A standout amongst other is maybe a paper entitled Un-English. This is around two Dutch sailors who went shore when their boat was berthed in Belfast and got into a fght with a portion of local people in a ballroom. They were captured and accused of misconduct. Their misconduct, composed Lynd, took the structure of fghting with individuals as well as of gnawing them. Next morning, when the commander of the Dutch boat showed up in court to argue for his men and to decipher their proof, the officer, who was a most grave individual, said he might want to present for the chief and upon his men that it was very un-English to circumvent gnawing individuals, whereupon the skipper answered: It is very un-Dutch as well, your love. Also, that, said Robert Lynd, is one of the extraordinary answers of history. Episodes like that lead the writer to st ate what he needs to state and to ask what named un-English? For what reason are a portion of these horrendous things not un-Scotch or un-lrish? Could maybe a portion of the exercises of the palefaces on the American grasslands be depicted as un-lndian? Lynd proceeds to see that obviously everything that is frightful is un-English, however when Americans portray something as un-American they are talking governmental issues. They are not communicating the national grandiosity that is so apparent in the individuals who utilize the erm un-English each, time something undesirable happens. The Man for Thurles is another dazzling article. It is about an old tramp whom the creator meets in Kilkenny, who is heart-terrified of the police and who is persuaded there is a major distinction between the liberal and generous individuals of Thurles and the penny pinchers of Kilkenny who might indict a man on the off chance that he approached them for as much as some water. The artistic exposition isn't currently as well known a type of composing as it used to be however Lynds assortments ought to be in most open libraries. They ought to merit digging into if just in memory of the creator who passed on fifty years back.

Diabetes Education Plan Free Essays

Acquaintance According with Johnson and Raterink (2009), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant worldwide ceaseless medical problem. However, it is discovered that the condition is to a great extent preventable the same number of the hazard factors for building up the infection, for example, overabundance weight, less than stellar eating routine, latency, smoking and exorbitant liquor utilization, are modifiable practices (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). A customer recently determined to have Type 2 DM might be unconscious that the disease can be adequately self-guided with changes to count calories, way of life and if fundamental the incorporation of oral hypoglycemic specialists (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2008). We will compose a custom exposition test on Diabetes Education Plan or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Along these lines, the point of the training plan is to help the customer to settle on instructed way of life decisions and changes that will improve wellbeing results and decrease the danger of diabetic confusions. The instruction plan will create proof based customer training procedures that attention on diabetes the board and the alteration of unfortunate way of life practices. As indicated by Funnell, Anderson, Austin, and Gillespie (2007), creating fitting indvidualised instructive methodologies that expansion customer information empowers the customer to make self-coordinated conduct changes that guide in compelling self-administration and improved wellbeing results. Foundation Diabetes care and self-administration training should be customized to the individual (Funnell et al. , 2007). The customer, in whom this training plan is custom-made for, is a multi year old male with a weight record of 32 who has been recently determined to have Type 2 DM. In structuring the training plan it is likewise critical to survey and incorporate broadened assets of help for the customer (Goldie, 2008). Assets of help may incorporate client’s loved ones, usage of neighborhood network benefits and partnered medicinal services suppliers, for example, social specialists, dieticians and podiatrists (Hunt Grant, 2010). For the customer to settle on educated decisions they should be instructed on the ailment procedure and potential inconveniences. Diabetes is a disease that happens when the body in unfit to keep up ordinary degrees of glucose in the blood (McKenny Short, 2011). Type 2 DM is a dynamic infection, portrayed by hyperglycemia coming about because of imperfections in the emission of insulin (AIHW, 2012). Incessant hyperglycemia influences capacity of cells and tissues and may bring about cardiovascular ailment, kidney ailment, vision misfortune and lower appendage removals because of neuropathy and fringe blood vessel malady confusions (AIHW, 2008). Treatment of Type 2 DM is intricate with proof stressing the need and significance of a synergistic social insurance group approach (Robertson, 2011). Starting treatment for those recently analyzed includes healthful treatment and exercise to help in weight reduction (Zisser, Gong, Kelley, Seidman, Riddell, 2011). Be that as it may, as Type 2 DM is a ceaseless dynamic condition, pharmacotherapy is typically required (Tsang, 2012). Oral hypogylcaemic specialists are normally the primary pharmacological mediation to improve glycaemic control and these operators incorporate Biguanides (Metformin), Sulphonylureas, Acarbose, Meglitinides, and Thiazolidinediones (Phillips Twigg, 2010; Sanchez, 2011). Tsang (2012) contends that Metformin is suggested as the principal line of treatment. Moreover, because of the dynamic idea of the condition most customers will require insulin treatment to accomplish and keep up sufficient glycaemic control (Nyenwe, Jerkins, Umpierrez, Kitabchi, 2011). Recently analyzed customers require considerable direction and instruction with respect to sickness self-administration (Johnson Raterink, 2009). Self-administration gives the customer and family may have incorporate holding fast persistently to a day by day system of observing glucose levels and the self guideline of diet, exercise and prescription (Long Gambling, 2011). Customers and their families likewise need to realize how to deal with the difficulties of diabetes including foot cleanliness and the administration of hypogylcaemic or hyperglycaemic scenes (Sanchez, 2011). Explicit focal point of training Through the recognizable proof of self administration issues and potential subject matters shortage, the attendant can tailor instruction plan that centers around the individual adapting needs of the customer and their family, coming about in commonly settled upon short and long haul objectives (Aranda, 2008). Consequently, customer and family instruction will concentrate on positive way of life changes to increment physical movement and improve dietary patterns (Bartol, 2012). The way of life changes of smart dieting and expanded action levels improve blood glucose control, help in weight the board, improve general wellbeing and may decrease the requirement for oral hypoglycemic specialists (Sanchez, 2011; AIWH, 2012). Also, instruction on oneself checking of blood glucose (SMBG) centers around self-administration systems. Training should concentrate on the most proficient method to play out the test with the utilization of a blood glucose meter, how to think about gear and how to deal with a high or low blood glucose perusing (Sanchez, 2011). SMBG is a significant segment of diabetes the board as it empowers the customer to learn and assess the impacts of diet and exercise on blood glucose levels which should help better adherence to treatment system (Nyenwe et al. , 2011). Customer information deficiency comparable to oral hypogylcaemic meds and insulin treatment ought to likewise be tended to. Medicine instruction ought to give data in regards to what every drug is, measurement, conceivable symptoms and on the off chance that they communicate with some other prescriptions (Bullock Manias, 2011). Training that centers around meds is significant as it can upgrade customers comprehension and readiness to take it (Bartol, 2011). Finally, because of the expanded danger of foot ulceration and lower appendage removals, it is critical to give an instructive intercession that centers around foot cleanliness and care (Ogrin Sands, 2006). Diabetes training by walking care means to forestall foot ulceration by concentrating on self administration techniques to improve foot care practices (The National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC], 2009). Training Strategies Before instructive procedures can be executed you should initially distinguish potential difficulties and any potential boundaries to learning your customer may have (Beagly, 2011). As per Beagly (2011) â€Å"barriers that restrain understanding instruction are age, education, language, culture and physiological obstacles† (p. 31). Favored learning style, language, psychological capacity and education level are resolved during the evaluation procedure (Funnell et al. , 2007). As the customer is a multi year old male, the standards of grown-up learning ought to be applied while picking a fitting instructive methodology (Bullock Manias, 2011). The standards of grown-up learning feature that grown-ups carry beneficial involvement in them and grown -ups by and large lean toward self-coordinated, issue based instruction that is pertinent and material to their lives (Clapper, 2010). One-on-one conversation is one instructive system found to effectsly affect way of life changes and expanding information for customers with diabetes (NHMRC, 2009). One-on-one conversations improve use of new data through the arrangement of pertinent and down to earth exhortation, along these lines mirroring the standards of grown-up learning (Bullock Manias, 2011). These conversations additionally empower criticism on movement and use of hypothesis into training (Kaufman, 2003). Conversations ought to likewise incorporate individual and gathering family training meetings. Mayberry and Osborn (2012) have discovered that when relatives are instructed on diabetes the board, enhancements in customers self-care practices, weight and glycaemic control were noted. Giving training through show is another powerful grown-up learning methodology and ought to be utilized for teaching the customer on SMBG and foot care. Showing is a successful technique for my customer as indicated by the hypothesis of self-adequacy, â€Å"observing others can fortify our convictions that we can perform comparable undertakings, in any event, when the assignment is unfamiliar† (Kaufman, 2003, p. 14). Besides, both conversation and exhibit are successful procedures for my customer as most moderately aged grown-ups still have the psychological capacity and capacity to learn new abilities (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Diabetes the board is multi-disciplinary and requires a community social insurance approach (Hunt Grant, 2010). Thus, alluding the customer to a dietitian for audit is si gnificant instruction procedure to help in positive dietary changes (Sanchez, 2011). This training procedure draws on the proof based practice rules for the nourishing administration of Type 2 DM (Dietitians Association of Australia [DAA], 2006). The rule features that the essential duty of the dietitian is to decide a nourishment plan in a joint effort with the client’s needs and objectives (DAA, 2006). Alluding the customer to neighborhood network benefits that give free gathering exercise programs is likewise significant instruction technique to be consolidated in the arrangement (Van Dijk, Tummers, Stehouwer, Hartgens, Van Loon, 2012). Kaufman (2003) contends that as indicated by social taking in principle individuals gain from each other through perception, impersonation and displaying conduct. Visual material including freebees, data packs and site assets are additionally compelling instructive systems for grown-up students as they help self-coordinated learning (Beagley, 2011). Self guided learning is a viable intercession to encourage conduct changes as it empowers the grown-up customer to be answerable for their learning, advances self-sufficiency and can be shared and talked about with family and companion encouraging groups of people (Funnell et al. 2007). End/all in all, type DM is a self-guided constant illness that requires tho

Suicidal Ideation Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Coping

Suicidal Ideation Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Coping Depression Suicide Print An Overview of Suicidal Ideation A Look at Dangerous Thought Patterns By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 17, 2020 Tom Merton / OJO Images / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prevalence Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Coping View All Back To Top Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Strictly speaking, suicidal ideation means wanting to take your own life or thinking about suicide. However, there are two kinds of suicidal ideation: passive and active. Passive suicidal ideation occurs when you wish were dead or that you could die, but you dont actually have any plans to commit suicide. Active suicidal ideation, on the other hand, is not only thinking about it but having the intent to commit suicide, including planning how to do it. Suicidal ideation is one of the symptoms of both major depression and the depression found in bipolar disorder, but it may also occur in people with other mental illnesses or no mental illness at all. Prevalence The lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation for the general world population is about 9% and about 2% within a 12-month period.?? According to the  2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health  (NSDUH) by the  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration  (SAMHSA), 4.3% of U.S. adults ages 18 and older had thoughts about suicide, with the highest prevalence among adults ages 18 to 25.?? For people with mental health disorders, the rate is significantly higher. The exact numbers are unclear, but since suicidal ideation is a symptom of mental health disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder, the problem exists at a far greater percentage in these populations. Suicide is on the rise, with half of the states in the United States reporting more than a 30% increase since 1999 and nearly all the rest reporting increased rates since then, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).?? Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States and the second leading cause of death among 10- to 34-year-olds. Women attempt suicide more often than men, but men are successful about three to four times more often than women.?? Rates and Statistics for Suicide in the U.S. Symptoms Warning signs that you or a loved one are thinking about or contemplating suicide include: Isolating yourself from your loved onesFeeling hopeless or trappedTalking about death or suicideGiving away possessionsAn increase in substance use or misuseIncreased mood swings, anger, rage, and/or irritabilityEngaging in risk-taking behavior like using drugs or having unprotected sexAccessing the means to kill yourself, such as medication, drugs, or a firearmActing as if youre saying goodbye to peopleFeeling extremely anxious If you think a loved one is thinking about or planning suicide, ask. Its a myth that youll give another person the idea to kill him or herself. Asking shows that youre concerned and that you care about the person. Be aware that passive suicidal ideation, wishing that you could die in your sleep or in an accident rather than by your own hand, is not necessarily any less serious than active suicidal ideation.?? It can quickly turn active and it most certainly has a blend of active and passive components. If your loved one admits that they are thinking about suicide, make sure they are safe. Be there for them if and when they need you. If the situation is serious, you may need to involve your loved ones doctor or mental health professional or perhaps call a suicide hotline for  advice or help. Keep checking on them until you feel certain that theyre in a safe state of mind again. Causes Many different factors can contribute to suicidal ideation. Often these thoughts strike when youre feeling hopeless and out of control in your life and/or like it has no meaning or purpose. These feelings may be due to circumstances like relationship problems, trauma, substance use, a crisis of some sort, pressure at work, a physical health issue, or financial difficulties. Having any mental health disorder such as depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or anxiety can also contribute.?? There are a variety of risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide, including Having attempted suicide in the pastHaving a mental health disorderFeeling hopeless, isolated, and/or lonelyNot being marriedBeing gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgenderHaving served in the militaryHaving a chronic physical illness like cancer, diabetes, or a terminal diseaseHaving chronic painHaving a traumatic brain injuryHaving a family history of suicideHaving a drug or alcohol use disorderHaving experienced childhood abuse or traumaLiving in a rural areaHaving access to firearms Suicide Warning Signs and Risk Factors Diagnosis If you’re experiencing symptoms of depression and are having suicidal thoughts, your doctor will likely give you a medical exam and ask you to take a questionnaire that may include the following questions: Do you have a history of depression or mental illness?How long have you been having thoughts of suicide?Have you created a suicide plan?Are you taking any medicationâ€"and, if so, what kind?How often do you use alcohol or drugs? Treatment If you have suicidal thoughts but there is no crisis, your doctor or therapist may recommend psychotherapy, medications, and lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of suicide. Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, during which you work with a therapist to explore why you’re feeling suicidal and how to cope.Family therapy and education. Involving loved ones in treatment can help them better understand what youre going through, learn the warning signs, and improve family dynamics.Substance use disorder treatment, if you are also experiencing an increase in alcohol or drug use.Lifestyle changes, including managing stress, improving sleep, eating, and exercise habits, building a solid support network, and making time for hobbies and interests.Medications to treat any underlying depression causing your suicidal ideation. This may include antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, or anti-anxiety medications. If you start experiencing thoughts of suicide after taking an antidepressant, call your mental health care professional immediately. Antidepressants have been linked to an increase in suicidal thoughts. How to Help a Friend Who Is Feeling Suicidal Coping Here are some ways to help reduce suicidal thoughts and get the help you need to get back on track, whether you or a loved one are experiencing suicidal ideation: Identify triggers. Look for triggers or circumstances that lead to feelings of despair such as a death or a loss, alcohol use, or stress from relationships. Eliminate what you can and talk to someone, such as a counselor or close friend, about the others.Remember that feelings are temporary. Feelings come and go and are not permanent. Even when life seems hopeless, you can get on the road to feeling better with treatment. Youll learn how to cope with life stresses, as well as to get a new perspective. Sometimes even just taking a nap or going to bed when youre feeling especially low can reset your mood, at least enough to stop the suicidal thoughts.Take care of yourself. In addition to eating healthy meals regularly and never skipping meals, get plenty of rest and relaxation to stave off stress and help your body recuperate from days past. Exercise is also important for relieving stress and improving your emotional well-being.Build a community of support. Make the time to be around p eople with positive influences on your life and those who make you feel good about yourself. Also, dont forget to give back to your community either through money or your time. Helping others and giving back can be a great way to get out of your own head and to find meaning.Get active. Just as old habits have to die to let go of suicidal ideation, new ideas must take their place to stick. Develop your personal and professional interests. Find fun things to do, volunteer activities, or work that gives you a sense of purpose. When you’re doing things you find fulfilling, you’ll feel better about yourself and those feelings of despair are less likely to return.Relax. Find personal ways to relieve stress levels. In addition to exercising, you can meditate, use sensory strategies to relax, practice simple breathing exercises, and challenge self-defeating thoughts to help you overcome suicidal thoughts. A Word From Verywell Though it may be difficult, studies show that if youre able to talk to someone regularly, particularly in a face-to-face situation like to a close friend or counselor, youre less likely to attempt suicide. You can also talk to your doctor or go directly to the emergency room if you are having suicidal thoughts. Doctors will evaluate your immediate risk and may recommend hospitalization if the risk is severe or refer you to a mental health professional for treatment. Tips for Coping With Depression and Suicidal Thoughts

Relational Database Of An Ecommerce Website - 1775 Words

Kehinde Akinola Department of Computer Science The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. kaakinola@utep.miners.edu Z Specifications derived from the Constraints in a Relational Database of an ecommerce website? Abstract— The project is simply derivation of Z specifications form the constraints in a relational database of an ecommerce website. An ecommerce website is developed from scratch using modern technology WordPress and Bootstrap. I developed the website as well as relational database where the products to be displayed on the website are stored. I used my computer system as both the client and the server for the proper functioning of the website. I installed Wampserver on my computer system and placed WordPress on the wampserver for the proper functioning of the website. The website is an ecommerce website and has few webpages developed and database where the contents to be displayed are stored. These are the databases whose contents will be fetched and displayed on the screen when accessed by the user or client. The constraints in the relational database of the website, is transformed as constraints to the of z specification language. . Keywords— formal method, relational database, ecommerce website. I. AIMS AND MOTIVATIONS There are several millions of websites available today. It has become so common that there is hardly a daily work without accessing the internet. There are also several ecommerce websites available. The most common ones areShow MoreRelatedWalmart s Brazilian Ecommerce Group1173 Words   |  5 PagesBig Data knowledge-empire. An important tool in achieving that has become the Neo4j database. Walmart’s Brazilian eCommerce group chose Neo4j to help Walmart understand the behavior and preferences of these online buyers with enough speed and in enough depth to make realtime, personalized, ‘you may also like’ recommendations, a proven way to maximize revenue. 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The Global Cancer Burden Of Cancer - 1946 Words

Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. (Organization, 2004) The burden of cancer is increasing in economically developing countries as a result of population aging and growth as well as, increasingly, an adoption of cancer-associated lifestyle choices including smoking, physical inactivity, and â€Å"westernized† diets. In this article, we provide an overview of the global cancer burden, including the estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths in 2008 and the incidence and mortality rates by region for selected cancer sites. These statistics are based on GLOBOCAN 2008, the standard set of worldwide estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for 2008. We comment on the recent incidence and mortality patterns observed for a number of common cancer forms, alongside established preventive measures that can reduce the worldwide cancer burden. (Jemal, et al., 2011) Incidence data (the number of newly diagnosed cases each year) are derived from population-based cancer registries, which may cover entire national populations but more often cover smaller, subnational areas, and, particularly in developing countries, only urban environments, such as major cities. 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Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier Free Essays

string(130) " the light seaming from the spreads between the ceiling and the walls, and the familial visible radiation from the chapel towers\." Notre-Dame-Du-Haut/ Le Corbusier img alt="http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287321-ronchamp-528x352.div class="phdessay__article-cta" We will write a custom essay sample on Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier or any similar topic only for you Order Now jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.001.jpg"/ Figure 1 â€Å"The key is light and light illuminates forms and forms have emotional power. By the drama of proportions by the drama of relationships unexpected, amazing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Le Corbusier[ 1 ] Le Corbusier, besides named as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, was one of the great European designers in the 20Thursdaycentury and designed legion sums of edifices across the universe although of all Le Corbusier’s spiritual work, those built, or those which remains as thoughts, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel at Ronchamp is both the most well-known and the most cryptic. Its organic signifier, usage of abstract forms, and combination of coloring material, texture, visible radiation, and sound are the major factors towards the modern art of the period. The chapel manner of architecture is known as the International Style, Sculptural Style, Brutalism, and every bit good as Expressionist Modern[ 2 ]. The site is located on the upland at the top of the hill and there is an attack path which ascends from the south E, with trees giving some enclosures to the West and restricting the upland on its western side. The original site had been a popular finish for pilgrims since the thirteenth century. Ronchamp community was little, population of 200, but on the holy yearss of the pilgrim’s journey it can acquire up to the 10 1000s of pilgrims and would deluge the chapel and the surrounding hill. The original chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed in a lightning fire during the 1910s and so was re-built. Then World War Two broke out, the chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed due to the German heavy weapon fires. Father Pierre Marie Alain Couturier was sent to offer Le Corbusier for the undertaking on reconstructing the chapel. Surprisingly, Le Corbusier ab initio refused the committee for this undertaking stating that he did non desire to work for a ‘dead institution’ , perchance because of the resentment that he felt about the Church’s rejection of the Basilica at La Sainte Baume. His helper Andre Wogenscky, a Gallic designer in coaction with Le Corbusier, recorded a conversation in which the Le Corbusier told Father Couturier, the Dominican priest who had such a clear influence on his ritual apprehension, that he had no right to work on the strategy and that they should happen a Catholic designer alternatively. Harmonizing to Wogenscky ; â€Å"Father Couturier explained to him that the determination to inquire Le Corbusier had been taken in full consciousness of the state of affairs, in the cognition that he was non spiritual. Finally, he said: ‘But Le Corbusier, I don’t give a darn about your non being a Catholic. What I need is a great artist†¦ you will accomplish our end far better than if we asked a Catholic designer: he would experience bound to do transcripts of ancient churches’ . Le Corbusier was brooding for a few seconds, and so he said: ‘All right, I accept.’† Andre Wogenscky[ 3 ] The first deduction of â€Å"rough† studies that Le Corbusier did, for the chapel, was to look into the skylines puting about in Ronchamp so the chapel can be fitted in the landscape. And so there are merely four skylines ; to the E, the Ballons d’Alsace ; to the South, a little vale ; to the West, the field of the Saone ; to the North, another little vale and a small town. This gives each facade of the edifice a ground to react to different attitudes: welcoming, observing, service and symbolism. However, the first study of the site was merely a few lines that summarised all of the cardinal elements of the edifice as it was so constructed such as the infinites defined by the curving walls and the form of the roof.â€Å"These characteristics, imbued as they are with a sense of malleability, are declarative of a reclamation of church architecture using architectonic agencies ( in other words, non trusting merely on the inclusion of plants of modern art ) .†[ 4 ] The roof was inspired by the crab-shell – which Le Corbusier had picked up the crab shell on the beach of Long Island in 1946 – though critics have interpreted the inclining curve as forms diverse as a nun ‘s wont or a boat. Its roof sculptural character dramatizes the power and flexibleness of the concrete to unify the organic volumes. A infinite of several centimeters between the shell of the roof and the walls provides a important entry for daytime. This type of planing the roof reflects earlier plants of Le Corbusier’s: frequently, thin piles supported a big lodging block, go forthing the land floor hollow and unfastened. â€Å" Le Corbusier raises the roof for symbolic grounds associating to the Assumption. Levitation is amazing because it denies the Torahs of gravitation. Therefore, by denying our expectations—that roofs remain affiliated to buildings—Le Corbusier signals Ronchamp’s visitants that they are present at a marvelous supernatural event. † img alt="http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1213222047_Ronchamp23.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.002.jpg"Robert Coombs[ 5 ] Figure 2 The edifice has three towers and three doors, the one to the E for the pilgrims to entree the exterior chapel for mass folds on yearss of pilgrim’s journey. The towers are made of rock masonry and are topped with cement domes. There’s another light gaps in the chapel, which are the signifier of the chapel towers. The thought of the chapel towers is influenced by the studies of the Serapeum of Hadrian’s Villa in 1911, in which the chuckhole at its terminal is dramatically illuminated with visible radiation. The towers appear in the inside as apsiss, settled the enlargements of the room. These white painted apsiss are lighted with indirect visible radiation from above shed thaumaturgy visible radiation over the curving walls. img alt="http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288307698-ronchamp-elyullo.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.003.jpg"The light creates the consequence of enclosed infinite. Although the inside is non to the full illuminated, as it is, for illustration, the Jubilee Church by Richard Meier. The difference between the comparing of Notre-Dame-du-Haut and the Jubilee Church is the sum of visible radiation that pollutes the country. The Jubilee Church has both facade of north and south covered with glass panels leting the full strength of the natural visible radiation in the church whereas the Notre-Dame-du-Haut merely allows the light seaming from the spreads between the ceiling and the walls, and the familial visible radiation from the chapel towers. You read "Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier" in category "Essay examples" In footings of contrast, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut is dark, as some Gothic churches, foregrounding th e drama of visible radiation and underscoring the sanctity of the infinite. Figure 3 Light is a symbol of faith so in the past architectural designs of the Gothic churches took this construct to the extreme as visible radiation is one of the most of import component of any spiritual construction and besides it gives the infinite an aeriform quality. The type of visible radiation joined with verticalness of the infinite produce an ambiance of Highness, lift and magnificence, and this method of utilizing visible radiation has influenced the other designers such as Kenzo Tange in his Tokyo Cathedral and Tadao Ando in his Church of Light, for illustration. The similarity between the Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Tokyo Cathedral and Church of Light is that they all relied on deriving the natural visible radiation, whereas the visible radiation is its supporter. img alt="http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287366-ronchamp-pieter-morlion-528x352.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.004.jpg"Another beginning of visible radiation is from the South wall, where the visible radiation penetrates through the little ports covered with stained colored glass that cast a great trade of reflected visible radiation into the dim room and from the outside these ports seemed to be merely bantam Windowss, but inside they open up into big white ports. The form of the ports in the midst wall is cut implicitly and widen, leting the visible radiation to gently melt indoors. Thus this shows that the visible radiation is in the laterality of the inside in the chapel and the visible radiation is its faith. Figure 4 The walls around the interior act as acoustic amplifiers, particularly in the instance of the eastern outside wall that echoes the sound out over the field from the out-of-door communion table moving as the speaker unit for the standing pilgrims. Le Corbusier wrote that the signifier of the chapel was designed in order to make the ‘psycho-physiology of the feelings’ , but non to carry through the demands of faith.â€Å"As in the Basilica at La Sainte Baume, it was Le Corbusier’s purpose to make full each visitant to Ronchamp with a sense of the transforming and renewing power of harmoniousness, as manifested through coloring material, sound and signifier in the belief that it was possible to alter behavior through impacting the feelings.†[ 6 ]Sound would play a critical function in transporting a sense of harmoniousness. The Chapel’s beginning is its laterality, the music – ‘music and architecture’ in Le Corbusier’s positio n ‘being two humanistic disciplines really near in their highest manifestations’ . It was Le Corbusier’s purpose that here ; â€Å"They will be able to do unbelievable music, an incredible sound when they have twelve thousand sand people outside with amplifiers. I said to the priest, ‘you should acquire rid of the sort of music played by an old amah on an old organ – that’s out of melody – and alternatively hold music composed for the church, something new, non sad music, a loud noise, an unhallowed din’ . Le Corbusier[ 7 ] The outside of the chapel and the milieus are both united in such a manner that the landscape is called in to lend in the religious work of architecture. From a distance, the pilgrims can see the white tower lodging out of the forests and the more the pilgrims climb up the hill the more of the white walls of the chapel will be revealed and this type of path is influenced by the path to the Parthenon, a temple in Athens. Knowing the fact that Le Corbusier was brought up as a Protestant and in ulterior life adhered to no peculiar religion but Le Corbusier stated:â€Å"I have non experienced the miracle of religion but I have frequently known the miracle of unexpressible infinite, the ideal of plastic emotion†[ 8 ], transforming spiritual architecture into the material of his modern architectural vision. Shortly before the dedication in the summer of 1955, Alfred Canet, who was the secretary for the local edifice commission, wrote to Le Corbusier, stating that a little brochure was to be prepared for the gap, explicating the narrative of the edifice. He asked the designer for a statement, but the answer was indirect, inquiring Canet alternatively to make the account of the 5th volume ofOeuvre complete; â€Å"I have no more complete account to give, since the chapel will be before the really eyes of those who buy the brochure. That is better than most facile speech† . Le Corbusier[ 9 ] Ronchamp has ever troubled international architectural critics particularly Modernists and Rationalists. Its popularity and profusion of degrees of communicating merely swamp expostulations about its aberrance from Modern Movement beliefs about truth to stuffs. In his ain testimonies, Le Corbusier recognised that it was an exceeding brief:‘1950-55. Autonomy: Ronchamp. A wholly free architecture. No programme other than the jubilation of the Mass – one of the oldest of human establishments. One respectable personality was ever present – the landscape, the four skylines. They were the 1s in command†¦a pilgrim’s journey topographic point on specific yearss, but besides a topographic point of pilgrim’s journey for persons, coming from the four skylines, coming by auto, train and airplane.Everyone’s traveling to Ronchamp.’[ 10 ]( L.C. , Textes et Dessins pour Ronchamp ) . Charles Jencks ( an American architecture theoretician and critic ) considers that the Notre-Dame-du-Haut was the first edifice with the Post-Modernism manner and has caused jobs for Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner ( a British historiographer of architecture ) , quoted ; â€Å"The edifice that blew apart the Modernist colony was Le Corbusier’s bantam church at Ronchamp, designed in 1950 and opened in 1955. This really first Post-Modern iconic edifice drew an iconoclastic tantrum of gunshot from every side, particularly fastidious Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner. They looked on every aberrance from the right-angle as a sin.† Charles Jencks[ 11 ] The citation described the Notre-Dame-du-Haut as the edifice with no right-angles in every â€Å"corner† . Modernism architecture follows a â€Å"form follows function† and â€Å"truth to materials† impression, intending that the consequence of the design should come from its intent and that none of the stuffs should seek and be concealed as something else. Although Post-Modernism follows same doctrine but uses more cylindrical and unprompted forms opposed to purely rectangles, and horizontal/vertical lines. Within the twelvemonth of the dedication, James Stirling wrote the evasive remark sing the Modernism and Post-Modernism of the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel ; â€Å"It may be considered that the Ronchamp Chapel being a ‘pure look of poetry’ and the symbol of an ancient rite, should non hence be criticised by the principle of the modern motion. Remember nevertheless that it is a merchandise of Europe’s greatest designer. It is of import to see whether the edifice should act upon the class of modern architecture†¦ , and surely the signifiers which have developed from the principle of the limited political orientation of the modern motion are being mannerised and changed in a witting imperfectionism† James Stirling[ 12 ] Two months after the completion of Ronchamp in June 1955, Le Corbusier wrote letters to Alfred Canet, the cure , and Marcellin Carraud, a attorney from Vesoul and a outstanding member of the local edifice commission and the words scribed are more than the common courtesy of an designer composing to his client ; â€Å"After being off for two months I greet you and inquire if you are pleased. It seems that after all this great attempt by a batch of people things have succeeded. You are doing a base, defying a great many assaults and answering to a great many inquiries. You must hold been worried at times. However you have been one of the brave people in the escapade. I wanted to state thank you to you, for Notre-Dame-du-Haut is understanding and that of the Committee this roseola endeavor could hold come up against the obstacle† Letter from Le Corbusier to his client[ 13 ] Giving some grounds why Le Corbusier was chosen as the designer, a member of community, Father Belaud, has explained ;â€Å"Why? For the beauty of the monastery to be born of class. But above all for the significance of this beauty. It was necessary to demo that supplication and spiritual life are non bound to conventional signifiers, and that harmoniousness can be struck between them and the most modern architecture, supplying that the latter should be capable of exceeding itself.†[ 14 ] Bibliography [ 1 ] – Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An Analysis of Form. Hong Kong: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 211. [ 2 ] – Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //everything2.com/user/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 3 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley A ; Sons Ltd. Page 119. [ 4 ] – Arthur Ruegg ( 1999 ) . Le Corbusier. Switzerland: Birkhauser. Page 103. [ 5 ] – Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //everything2.com/user/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 6 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley A ; Sons Ltd. Page 119. [ 7 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley A ; Sons Ltd. Page 120. [ 8 ] – Le Corbusier ( 2000 ) . The Modulor. Germany: Birkhauser. Page 32. [ 9 ] – Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The Open Hand Essays. USA: MIT. Page 300. [ 10 ] – Michael Raeburn and Victoria Wilson ( 1987 ) . Le Corbusier Architect of the Century. Great Britain: Susan Ferleger Brades with Muriel Walker. Page 249. [ 11 ] – Charles Jencks ( 2012 ) . The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decade of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture. Great Britain: John Wiley A ; Sons Ltd. Page 187. [ 12 ] – James Stirling ( 1956 ) . Le Corbusier in Perspective. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arranz.net/web.arch-mag.com/5/recy/recy1t.html. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 13 ] – Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The Open Hand Essays. USA: MIT. Page 301. [ 14 ] – Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An Analysis of Form. Hong Kong: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 212. Illustrations [ Figure 1 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Front Facade ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287321-ronchamp-528Ãâ€"352.jpg ) [ Figure 2 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Interior confronting East Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1213222047_Ronchamp23.jpg ) [ Figure 3 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Aspe ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288307698-ronchamp-elyullo.jpg ) [ Figure 4 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Interior confronting South Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287366-ronchamp-pieter-morlion-528Ãâ€"352.jpg ) 1 How to cite Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier, Essay examples

The Long, Bitter Trail by Anthony Wallace Essay Example

The Long, Bitter Trail by Anthony Wallace Essay The Long, Bitter Trail deals mostly with the policies of removal in relocation of the Indians living in the American south east during the 1800s. Thefirst thing that I noticed right on the cover of the book is the subtitle, Andrew Jackson and the Indians. From this I expected the book to focus more on Jackson himself. In the introduction, there is a fair amount of time spent describing Jackson and his background. Thefirst several pages of the introduction are actually an abbreviated biography on Jackson. However what I found surprising was the fact that the author chose to focus not only on the policies of Jackson himself but Jacksonian policy towards dealing with the Indians as well as its opposition. There is also a great deal of time spent on various tribes affected by the policies of the time. The focus here in not so much on their culture and customs, but rater how they responded to the polices of the United States. One thing that I noticed throughout the book was that the autho r usually takes the time to justify the polices of the time and their opposition by using the same logic that was used in the 1800s. This is not necessarily based on the authors own beliefs or opinions but simply on what the popular beliefs of the time were. This was something that I found very refreshing, it seems that many time when dealing with topics such as those discussed in this book the author will usually try to force his own beliefs and opinions on the reader. The introduction dealing mostly with Jackson and giving a basic overview of the state of the country during the time period focused on in the book, chapter one really seemed to serve almost as a more complete introduction whose purpose is to allow the reader to make sense of chapters two and three, whereas chapters two, three, and four are necessary for the reader to be able to fully make sense of the final chapter or in this case the AFTERMATH. In

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Missing ACT Score How to Check ACT Scores

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Also, if you or someone else complained about something that happened during testing or at the test site, ACT has to look into this. No scores will come out until their investigation is resolved. Well, there was that one kid sitting in a corner of the ceiling... didsomeone complain about him? (Image: Rob Sheridan/Flickr) Are Your Scores From a Long Time Ago? If you are out of high school and your scores are from more than a year ago, they are now in the ACT archives. There are several ways to get them, each with its own associated fees. If you think you tested sometime afterSeptember 2013, fill out the onlinescore report inquiry form. If you took the test between 1966 and 2013, you can get your scores in a number of ways: Request your scores online by creating anACT Web account Senda letter of request to ACT Student Services - Score Reports, PO Box 451, Iowa City, IA 52243-0451 Call (319) 337-1270 Don't worry if you can'tremember your exact test date: if you can remember your approximate test year, ACT can check a range of years in their records for you. If you took the ACT in the original hieroglyphics format, you might have to contact ancient Egypt for your scores. What to Do If Your College Is Missing Your Scores Sure, it's stressful when you can't seem to get your hands on your ACT scores. But it's a whole different level of alarm when your target college is telling you thattheycan't find your scores. If you've been notified that your score report hasn't been received, here are theoptions you should investigate. Did You Use the Correct ACT College Code? A college only receives your score report when you list itscorrect ACT College Code on your score request. If you chose to use the 4 free reports you got with ACT registration, check the college codes you listed by looking atyour copy of the score report. If you ordered scores from the ACT website, go online and check the college codes you entered there. If you made a college codemistake, you can call or email the admissions office at your targetcollege and provide them with your name and ACT ID. Are Your Scores Missing From Your College Application? During application season, a college's admissions office is a whirlwind of files, documents, and electronic records. Because of this sort of chaos, sometimes when thecollege says that your score report ismissing, this "missing" document simply hasn't been processed and logged yet. Sorting your scores into your application file can take as long as a week! To see whether this is the case, feel free to call the admissions office to calmly and respectfully ask them to double check whether your scores are actually already there. I recommend waiting 3 weeks after sending your scores before you call. Your college might also be receiving ACT scores on a slightly different schedule. Each college chooses how often to download score reports. Some do it as infrequently as once every 2 weeks! All that being said, it's true that sometimes things do go missing or get misfiled. If the college can’t find your scores, don't freak out. Instead, as quickly as you can,resend your scoresso you can still get them in as close to the application deadline as possible. Pro tip: Don’t simply send a copy of your score report to the college!Colleges will only accept score reports sent directly to them from ACT, so your copy won't count as a score submission. Your copied ACT reports are like this Olaf: adorable, but not real. Sometimes Disaster Strikes, But Don't Panic! Sometimes the world just spins a little bit off its axis. Every now and again ACT answer sheets just up and disappear seemingly into the vacuum of space. This is a good time to seek guidance from your school counselor, and to be aware that in these cases, a reasonable and equitable solution (sometimes helped along by some press coverage) is sure to follow. For example, ACTs were lostin at least two places on the June 13 test date. In Kings Park, NY, 61 tests vanished from Kings Park High School despite the test being administered by the ACT itself.Similarly, atWinter Park High School in Orlando, Florida, 50 ACT examsgot lost in the mail and remain missing.ACT has given all the students an offer to retake the test for free. Black holes consume light, energy, and, of course, random ACT answer sheets. What’s Next? If you’re planning to retake the test, read our advice on figuring out your best test datesand best testing locations. Wondering how your ACT scores measure up? We break down good scores, bad scores, and how to figure out your own target score. Want to learn how to boost your ACT scores? Check out our guides on getting a 36 on each of the ACT sections: English, Math, Reading, Science, and Writing. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Writting to Evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writting to Evaluate - Essay Example Buying a Blackberry phone is a bit different from just getting a regular phone that lacks the features present in this phone. The phone itself is described as the largest gorgeous looking smartphone on the planet. While holding it in one hand, you will surely understand why it bears the description. Most fascinating is when you scroll and explore the application, that is, when you will appreciate the reality that this phone is unquestionably magnificent. Nowadays, every phone company is working tremendously hard to establish a myriad of features in their phones to attract customers. The companies are forced to incur massive investments to brand their products. Owing a camera feature is almost standard for any phone but what brings the difference is the image resolution. Blackberry 9530 is above three megapixels. Needless to say, the blackberry phone has a lot more features which will be shared to you. First is an integrated GPS technique that tends to make use of Blackberry maps. The media player file has the capacity to play 3 formats including MP3, AAC+ and WMA. The video player enables you to view MPEG4 or WMV format. The three formats above are the most liked by telephone users. The camera makes it possible for you to watch videos as well as recording them since it delivers a resolution of much more than 3 megapixels and contains an automatic concentrate feature. Blackberry 9530 makes use of touch screen based technologies. You can edit documents and supply all the standard functions of text messaging using the editor. It also allows listening to music using the Wi-Fi web access through integration of Bluetooth technology. Amazing is the fact that Blackberry 9530 was the first to introduce the touch screen technology. Another feature that lacks in other phones is the potential use of both single and multi-touch to interface with different applications. A prominent feature possessed by this

Transvestic Fetishism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transvestic Fetishism - Research Paper Example This condition mainly affects the males and females are not known to suffer from it. Frenchman Chevalier d’Eon de Beaumont was suffering from this condition and hence after him this disorder was also given the name of eonism. The patients who suffer from this condition are also known as transvestites (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). The patients who suffer from transvestic fetishism have a tendency to collect the clothing of females which include everyday clothes as well as undergarments and other things that is shoes, socks and nightdresses. They may also like wearing these and then taking their photographs dressed in the female attire. By performing these acts the subject gets sexually aroused and has achieves sexual pleasure. The onset of this condition is mainly after the attainment of puberty and many cases of this condition cannot be reported because transvestites basically perform these acts in private rather than openly. Another important reason behind this is the fact that transvestites are mainly heterosexual and may enjoy normal relationships with women to an extent that they may even be married. Transvestic fetishism patients also have another important characteristic that they show patterns of both male as well as female personality (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, there are four important characteristics which basically define a person as a transvestite. The first characteristic is the finding of the factor of wearing the attire of the opposite sex. The second important finding is the fact that this dressing should be coupled with the attainment of sexual gratification and pleasure. Also this condition is mainly seen in men who are normal biologically and that they are attracted to females that is they are heterosexuals. In the year 2000, The DSM-IV-TR standards for

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Pet Rabbits S1009684 Analyzing the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits s1009684 ABSTRACT Domestic rabbits are becoming increasingly popular as household pets. There is conflicting advice currently given to pet owners with regards to the prevalence of intestinal parasites. 36 rescue rabbits were faecal sampled and assessed for intestinal parasites using a McMasters counting chamber method whereby oocysts per gram (OPG) were calcualted. Of the 36 rabbits sampled, 30 were shown to have intestinal parasites, coccidia being the most prevalent at 83%. Age of the rabbit sampled showed to be a significant indicator for prevalence of infection with rabbits 3 months to 1 year old having the highest prevalence of coccidia. Breed or number in housing environment had no effect on prevalence. Nematodes and cestodes were found in some of the rabbit faecal samples but were not considered significant. No rabbit sampled showed signs of disease or ill health, therefore concluding that OPG was not an indicator for prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment. INTRODUCTION Rabbits are currently rated the third most popular pet in the UK with PDSA estimating the pet population to be around 1.7 million (PDSA Animal Wellbeing Report 2012). As pet rabbits are available in a multitude of varying breeds, sizes, body shapes and personalities it is no wonder they have increased significantly in popularity as pets over the years. Typically domestic rabbits have a life span of 8-12 years with many living longer if cared for in the most appropriate manner. Cat and Dog owners today are very aware of the importance of routine intestinal parasite prevention however, the same cannot be said for rabbit owners. Currently there is a lack in continuity of advice from breeders, pet shop owners and vets as to whether or not it is appropriate to routinely prevent against intestinal parasites. Common intestinal parasites of pet rabbits are Coccidia, Nematodes and Cestodes all of which show little to no zoonotic threat. Coccidiosis is the most common intestinal parasite in rabbits and is a highly contagious protozoal sporazoral infection (Bhat et al 1996). It is caused by the protozoal parasite Eimeria sp. There have been as many as 25 species of coccidia identified, each with varying degrees or pathogenicityand organ specificity (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Healthy rabbits can be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa. All Eimeria species undergo complex life cycle having both intracellular and extracellular stages and asexual and sexual reproduction (AL-Naimi et al 2012). Coccidiosis is initiated by oral ingestion of the sporulated oocyst by a susceptible host (AL-Naimi et al 2012) and the â€Å"infection will develop into disease in young rabbits primarily whereas adults are mostly carriers† (Coudert P., 1989). There are two main forms of the disease, hepatic and intestinal with the latter being more common (Coudert et al. 1995). The majority of the intestinal species develop in the small intesti nes. Symptoms of the disease include failure of young animals to gain weight, diarrhoea, anaemia and growth retardation (Hobbs and Twigg 1998). There are non pathogenic to slightly pathogenic Eimeria sp (E.media, E. exigua, E.perforans E. coecicola), moderately pathogenic (E. irresiduia , E.magna, E.piriformis) and extremely pathogenic (E.intestinalis, E.flavescens) (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). In all the intestinal types the prepatent phase lasts from 5-35 days. The nematode or pinworm Passalurus ambiguus is a very common parasite of the domestic rabbit (Boag 1988). They are long thin worms which are often first noted by owners on the surface of freshly passed faeces (Boag et al 2001). The adult worms are inactive with the immature larvae being mildly pathogenic causing weight loss (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Infection is spread through faecal oral route from contaminated animals (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Less common nematodes found in domestic rabbits are the Obeliscoides cuniculi and the Trichostrongylus spp (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The most common cestode or tapeworm to be found in the domestic rabbit is the Taenia pisiformis, however in general cestodes are not commonly isolated from pet rabbits (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms of the tapeworm develop in the liver and abdominal cavity, compared to the adult form which can be found in the intestines of the rabbit (Cattadori, Boag and Hudson, 2008). The larval forms are more common in hutched rabbits. The life cycle of the T. pisiformis is dependent on the dog. Rabbits acquire tapeworms by ingesting contaminated feed and water containing tapeworm segments and eggs from the faeces of dogs (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). The young larvae are then released from the egg, penetrate the digestive tract and migrate to the liver (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). They migrate within the liver, entering into the abdominal cavity. Here they will form fluid filled cysts (cysticerci) which can exit the abdominal cavity with faeces which can then be ingested by do gs (Dolibes-Matcos et al,. 2009), where it is able to develop into a mature tapeworm (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). Therefore parasite prevention within multi pet households plays a pivotal role in cestode population within domestic rabbits (Poderson and Fenton, 2006). There has been considerable research done on intestinal parasites of rabbits used for farming purposes, whether it be for meat or fur production as they have the potential to be a production loosing expense. However the same cannot be said for the domestic household pet rabbit. For this reason there is inconsistent advice given to rabbit owners with regards to the prevalence, prevention and treatment of intestinal parasites. In an attempt to correct this short coming, this study aims to analyse the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a random population of domestic rabbits, to ascertain if prophylactic intestinal parasite treatment is warranted. METHODS AND MATERIALS Faecal samples were collected from 36 randomly selected domestic rabbits. The rabbits were all rescued or surrendered rabbits with unknown previous parasite treatment history. The rabbits were all of varying ages and breeds. The rabbits when sampled were all housed outdoors either in multi rabbit accommodation or single hutches. It was unknown if the rabbits had previously been housed indoors or outdoors. Fresh faecal pellets were collected from each rabbit individually. The faeces was stored in plastic sealed bags and stored at 4 °C until analysis. The McMasters technique was used to assess the faecal samples. 4 grams of faeces was placed into a container and 56ml of saturated salt solution was added (400grams of sodium chloride in 1000ml of water with a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20) (Carvalho et al. 2011; Mundt et al. 2005; Velkers, et al. 2010). The contents of the container were thoroughly mixed and then filtered through a tea strainer (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). The r emaining suspension was then transferred into the McMasters counting chamber using a pipette and rested for 5 minutes (Coudert et al. 1995). The number of oocysts, nematodes and cestodes were calculated within each chamber and then multiplied by 50 to give the oocyst, nematodes or cestode per gram of faeces (OPG) (Cattadori, Albert and Boag, 2007). Analysing the McMasters chamber allowed for the identification of different nematode and cestode eggs however only the Eimeria sp was able to the identified. Further analysis into what subspecies was present was not completed as this required sporulation of the oocysts which was not feasible in this study. This statistical package Minitab was used for data analysis and a value of P RESULTS Of the 36 rabbit faecal samples tested, 30 rabbits showed to have intestinal parasites. Table 1 shows the most common parasite found on faecal analysis was coccidia, Eimeria sp with a prevalence of 83% followed by Passalurus ambigious 22%. With 83% of the population sampled infected with Eimeria sp further analysis was done with regards to possible influences on the intensity of invasion. Table 2 shows the effect of age of the rabbits with regards to prevalence of Eimeria sp. There was a significant difference (P value Eimeria sp. There was a higher prevalence noted with rabbits who were aged 3 months to 1 year compared to less than 3 months or over one year old. This is consistent with results recorded by Fa Jing et al. 2011. Table 3 shows the effect of breed with regards to the prevalence of Eimeria sp. The Lionhead rabbits were most effected with Eimeria sp, with a prevalence of 28% however there was no significant difference (P value >0.05) in varying breeds with prevalence of th e parasite. Table 3 reports that there was a slightly higher prevalence of Eimeria sp in rabbits housed in a multiple rabbit hutch compared to rabbits who were housed signally, prevalence being 44% and 39% respectively. However, there was no significant difference seen between the two groups (P value >0.05). Table 1: Prevalence of intestinal parasites of 36 sampled domestic rabbits Table 2: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on age groups Table 3: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent on breed Table 4: Prevalence and intensity of coccidia infection in rabbits sampled dependent number in housing DISCUSSION Rai et al. (1985) reported that coccidosis was the most common protozoan disease encountered by rabbits causing acute and chronic disease in all age groups. Be it that the subject group Rai et al 1985 reported on were farmed rabbits destined for the meat trade, this study focussing on domestic pet rabbits has revealed comparable results, with Eimeria sp being the most prevalent internal parasite recorded. Coudert, (1989) suggested that there was no correlation between OPG and the severity of the disease seen in the rabbits. This suggestion correlates to the results reported in this study as even the rabbits with the highest OPG’s, Lionhead breeds and rabbits of 3 months to 1 year of age were not showing any signs of clinical disease (Licois and Coudert, 1980; Coudert et al., 1993). Previous studies by Pakandl et al. (2008) and Papeschi et al. (2013) showed that adult rabbits have the ability to be asymptomatic carriers of the protozoa which stands to reason why non of the rabb its sampled for this study who showed to have a coccidia infestation were not showing any clinical signs of illness. Bhat et al. (1996) described rabbit coccidia as â€Å"very immunogenic† with the ability for hosts to develop natural resistance especially with regards to E.intestinalis. Possibly this may be the reason for 6 rabbits of the 36 sampled to be free from coccidia. A â€Å"crowding phenomenon† was described by Brackett and Bliznick, (1952) which discusses the importance of housing population numbers with respects to OPG’s recorded. Although the prevalence of coccidia in rabbits housed in multiple numbers was higher compared to rabbits housed as individuals, there was no significant difference to be found between the two in this study. Subclinical coccidiosis disease is a possible explanation for 30 of the 36 rabbits sampled who showed to have OPG but not showing clinical signs of disease. As there was no previous history on the rabbits, it is not possible to determine if the rabbits have been slowly decreasing on body weight over time. Even though body weight is a simple recording to be made it is the most accurate when determining if subclinical protozoan disease is present or not (Boag et al 2001; Licois and Coudert, 1980). Multiple studies have shown that there is a relationship between myxoma virus and internal nematode infections within rabbit populations (Boag, 1988; Boag et al., 200; Lello et al., 2005). It has been concluded by Cattadori et al., (2007), (2008) that rabbits which are infected with myxoma virus and or rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are more susceptible to intestinal nematode and cestode infections (Licois and Coudert, 1980). Given that the vast majority of domestic rabbits are commonly vaccinated against both myxoma virus and RHDV, it stands to reason that this is a contributing factor for the low nematode and cestode prevalence recorded in this study. The aim of this study was to determine if the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet rabbits warrants routine worming. Given that no rabbit in the sample population was showing signs of clinical intestinal parasitic disease and there were low prevalence percentages for nematodes and cestodes, it can be concluded that routine worming of pet rabbits is not warranted. The high prevalence of coccidia within the population could be contributed to asymptomatic carriers, whereby until clinical signs of disease develop namely weight loss and diarrhoea it would then be appropriate to consider treatment for the disease. This topic should not be considered exhausted by any means. There is great room for scope in this field with only limited research published on this subject to date. Further studies would benefit from greater background knowledge on the sample population, especially with regards to previous medical history and treatment. Given that the domestic rabbits as household pets is continuing to increase in popularity further research into preventable disease is paramount.

Beginnings

All great things In life start with an even greater beginning. When I was 12 years old I Joined my first competitive swim team; I swam for the downtown Suffolk YMCA. At first I only swam because of all of my friends that swam and I wanted to spend more time with them, but then realized how much more potential I had In swimming. After that moment I started to become more and more dedicated to swimming. I began to realize the true competitive nature of swimming and I liked it. Swimming has become a big part of my life since then and the beginning is the most important part to all good decisions.I first started swimming to be with friends and to make new friends. After we were on the same team we started to challenge each other and race one another to see who was the fastest. That's how I began to see the competitive nature of swimming. Nick Burton and Joey Kauffman are two guys I started racing me near the beginning of my swimming career and I still race them now to get better. My fami ly always supported me when I went to my meets. My brother would be swimming In the same meet, he could be In the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me; Then, I started to do the same for him.My mom Is the only reason could even do swimming, without her I would never have had a ride to any practices. Karen Keenan was my first coach on ODDS; she is the reason I am where I am at today. The first team I ever joined the YMCA cancelled the entire swimming team program. I had a choice put in front of me: stop sports all together, Join ODDS, or find another mediocre swim team. I chose to Join ODDS; ODDS stands for Old Dominion Aquatic Club. Once I joined ODDS I began to practice more and more. I spent more and more and more energy on practices and I could feel myself getting better, so it was equivalent to a new beginning in my eyes.I was more prepared to race on a higher level and I wanted to. After I got my first tastes of true competition, all I wanted was more of It. I be gan to practice harder than I ever had before In order to get to the next level. The next level for me was to get 3 state championship time standards and make It to the high performance group. Once I made t there I did not stop I still wanted to get better and try my hardest; there is always a higher goal. My next goal was to make national standards; I did not stop there, my new goal is to make the US Open and race against the top athletes in this country.In Conclusion, Swimming is one of my greatest achievements; I only made it this far because of how I began in swimming. Beginnings are one of the most important parts of beginning something new, along with Influential people, A lot of dedication, and a strive to do more than you ever have before. Those key factors are the reasons some people get so good at what they do. Just always remember, Beginnings are Important. Beginnings By loggias All great things in life start with an even greater beginning. When I was 12 years more time w ith them, but then realized how much more potential I had in swimming. Supported me when I went to my meets.My brother would be swimming in the same meet, he could be in the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me; Then, I started to do the same for him. My mom is the only reason I could even do swimming, The first team I ever Joined the YMCA cancelled the entire swimming team Aquatic Club. Once I Joined ODDS I began to practice more and more. I spent more After I got my first tastes of true competition, all I wanted was more of it. I began to practice harder than I ever had before in order to get to the next level. The next level for me was to get 3 state championship time standards and make it to the high important.

My Life Of Pursuing Higher Education - 917 Words

The thought of pursuing higher education wasn’t uncommon in my household. Even though no one in my family had ever gone to college, my mother desired to see her children attend. I remember such encouraging phrases for me to proceed to college since I was a child barely in elementary. Her weary eyes, though dulled through the years, twinkled some spark of hope, a smothered remembrance from what she wished could be. With that spark, my mother would tell me the lay of my future. Of course the choice of occupation was mine, she would make that clear, but I was well informed that my education would continue beyond high school. With this she would smile revealing lines well worked into her cheeks and brow. Such features had perhaps been created through many a mirthful event, yet I knew this smile was my mother’s escape from the pain she felt and the lines were worn by pass and current wearies. My mother knew not of the challenges that I would face in later years, but her teac hings provided as a stable foundation to base my decisions on what was to come. Despite my mother’s efforts, from a young age I was urged to remain what people viewed my family to be. I was to work after high school and refrain from any yearning of college. As I entered the early stages of high school, people often expressed their thoughts of my dream to continue to college. Blinded by ignorance, armed with hatred, and gifted with speech, several came to me with pleading tones, downgrading comments, andShow MoreRelatedHigher Education: Pursuit of Degrees1654 Words   |  7 PagesHigher Education: The Pursuit for Degrees Pursuing a degree is more valuable than not. My employer without warning decided to end pay raises and step increases for its employees. The impact was so crucial for me that it caused me to evaluate my situation and decide what was best for me to do in order to support my family. 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Teaching is done in an informal manner in this kind of setting but at the endRead MoreMaking A Decision For A Higher Education Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesMaking a decision for a higher education can be challenging.   But, understanding the ROR (return on investment) can be an influencing factor to a good decision in pursuing a higher education.   An economic evaluation displays an ROI (return on investment) for an analysis.   An economic evaluation that broadly considers how to optimize the production of particular outcomes within budgetary constraints, given certain inputs, can guide such choices (Hummel-Rossi Ashdown, 2002).   However, there mustRead MoreAmeric The College Loan Scandal1357 Words   |  6 Pagespaying job requires a 4 year degree, but the debt ga thered in doing so makes life after getting a degree just as difficult. 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